Electronic Sources: MLA Style of Citation

>>>Individual Works<<<

Author/editor. Title of Print Version of Work. Edition statement (if given). Place of publication: publisher, date. Title of Electronic Work. Medium. Information supplier. File identifier or number. Access date.

Author/editor. Title of Print Version of Work. Edition statement (if given). Publication information (Place of publication: publisher, date), if given. Title of Electronic Work. Medium. Information supplier. Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File. Access date.

• Oxford English Dictionary Computer File: On Compact Disc. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992.
• Pritzker, Thomas J. An Early Fragment from Central Nepal. N.D. Online. Ingress Communications. Available: http://www.ingress.com/~astanart/pritzker/pritzker.html. 8 June 1995.

* This is a citation form when the print version is not included in the reference.
* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.

>>>Parts of Works<<<

Author/editor. "Part title." Title of Print Version of Work. Edition statement (if given). Place of publication: publisher, date. Title of Electronic Work. Medium. Information supplier. File identifier or number. Access date.

Author/editor. "Part title." Title of Print Version of Work. Edition statement (if given). Publication information (Place of publication: publisher, date), if given. Title of Electronic Work. Medium. Information supplier. Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File. Access date.

• "Bosnia and Hercegovina." Academic American Encyclopedia. 1995. Academic American Encyclopedia. Online. Dow Jones News Retrieval Service. ENCYC. 5 June 1995.

* This is an article from an encyclopedia with no author given.
* It is not necessary to give place of publication and publisher when citing well-known reference sources.

• Daniel, Ralph Thomas. "The History of Western Music." Britannica Online: Macropaedia. 1995. Online. Encyclopedia Britannica. Available: http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-bin/g:DocF=macro/5004/45/0.html. 14 June 1995.

* It is not necessary to give place of publication and publisher when citing well-known reference sources.
* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL. 

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>>>Journal Articles<<<

Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:

Author. "Article Title." Journal Title. Volume.Issue (Year): paging or indicator or length. Medium. Information supplier. Database Name. File identifier or number. Accession number. Access date.

Author. "Article Title." Journal Title. Volume.Issue (Year): paging or indicator or length. Medium. Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File. Access date.

Examples:
• Clark, Jeffrey K. "Complications in Academia: Sexual Harassment and the Law." Siecus Report. 21.6 (1993): 6-10. CD-ROM. 1994 SIRS. SIRS 1993 School. Volume 4. Article 93A.

* Access date is not needed when the medium is a CD-ROM.

• Carriveau, Kenneth L., Jr. Rev. of Environmental Hazards: Marine Pollution, by Marth Gonnan. Environmental Green Journal 2.1 (1995): 3 pars. Online. Available: gopher://gopher.uidaho.edu/11/UI_gopher/library/egj03/carriv01.html. 21 June 1995.

* This is a reference for a book review.
* For paging information, substitute number of paragraphs, i.e., "3 pars." for three paragraphs in this reference.
* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (Gopher) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.

• Inada, Kenneth. "A Buddhist Response to the Nature of Human Rights." Journal of Buddhist Ethics 2 (1995): 9 pars. Online. Available: http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html. 21 June 1995.

* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL. 

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>>>Magazine Articles<<<

Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:

Author. "Article Title." Magazine Title. Date: paging or indicator or length. Medium. Information supplier. Database Name. File identifier or number. Accession number. Access date.

Author. "Article Title." Magazine Title. Date: paging or indicator or length. Medium. Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File. Access date.

Examples:
• Goodstein, Carol. "Healers from the Deep." American Health. Sept. 1991: 60-64. CD-ROM. 1994 SIRS. SIRS 1992 Life Science. Article 08A.

* Access date is not needed when the medium is a CD-ROM.

• Viviano, Frank. "The New Mafia Order." Mother Jones Magazine May-June 1995: 72 pars. Online. Available: http://www.mojones.com/MOTHER_JONES/MJ95/viviano.html. 17 July 1995.

* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (HTTP) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.

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>>>Newspaper Articles<<<

Basic forms, commercial supplier, and using an Internet protocol:

Author. "Article Title." Newspaper Title. Date, Edition (if given): paging or indicator or length. Medium. Information supplier. Database Name. File identifier or number. Accession number. Access date.

Author. "Article Title." Newspaper Title. Date, Edition (if given): paging or indicator or length. Medium. Available Protocol (if applicable): Site/Path/File. Access date.

Examples:
• Howell, Vicki, and Bob Carlton. "Growing up Tough: New Generation Fights for Its Life: Inner-city Youths Live by Rule of Vengeance." Birmingham News. 29 Aug. 1993: 1A+. CD-ROM. 1994 SIRS. SIRS 1993 Youth. Volume 4. Article 56A.

* Access date is not needed when the medium is a CD-ROM.

• Johnson, Tim. "Indigenous People Are Now More Combative, Organized." Miami Herald 5 Dec. 1994: 29SA. Online. Available: gopher://summit.fiu.edu/Miami Herald--Summit-Related Articles/12/05/95--Indigenous People Now More Combative, Organized. 16 July 1995. 17 July 1995.

* When citing information retrieved on the World Wide Web, it is not necessary to repeat the protocol (Gopher) after "Available" since that is stated in the URL.

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>>>Discussion List Messages<<<

Basic forms:

Author. "Subject of Message." Date. Online posting. Discussion List. Available E-mail: DISCUSSION LIST@e-mail address. Access date.

Author. "Subject of Message." Date. Online posting. Discussion List. Available E-mail: LISTSERV@e-mail address/Get. Access date.

Examples:
• RRECOME. "Top Ten Rules of Film Criticism." 1 Apr. 1995. Online posting. Discussions on All Forms of Cinema. Available E-mail: CINEMA-L@american.edu. 1 Apr. 1995.

* Author's login name, in uppercase, is given as the first element.

• RRECOME. "Top Ten Rules of Film Criticism." 1 Apr. 1995. Online posting. Discussions on All Forms of Cinema. Available E-mail: LISTSERV@american.edu/Get cinema-l log9504A. 1 Aug. 1995.

* Reference is obtained by searching the list's archive.

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>>>Personal electronic communications (E-mail)<<<

Basic forms:

Sender (Sender's E-mail address). "Subject of Message." E-mail to recipient (Recipient's E-mail address). Date of message.

Examples:
• Day, Martha (MDAY@sage.uvm.edu). "Review of film -- Bad Lieutenant." E-mail to Xia Li (XLI@moose.uvm.edu). 30 July 1995.

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