During the Summer Session, we lectured from the "Jeweled Stupa Chapter" to this chapter. The Summer Session combined study with practice. If you only study and don't cultivate, it's like talking about food or counting other people's money. You can talk about food, but if you don't eat any, you won't get full. If you practice without understanding, then you are cultivating blindly. If you want to cultivate, you must first understand how to cultivate.

There are 84,000 Dharma-doors. If you don't learn all 84,000 of them, you should at least learn eighty-four! Then, you'll know how to go about cultivating. If you don't learn eighty-four, or even one Dharma-door, you won't know which road to go down. If you want to go on a vacation, you have to prepare some provisions, money, and travelers cheques. Your understanding of the doctrine is like your provisions for the trip. You buy a plane ticket, or you buy a bus ticket, or you buy a boat ticket. Understanding is like currency. Practice means going there. First you have to buy a ticket; then you can take the appropriate mode of transportation.

In cultivation, we must do the same. If you don't understand, it's like not having any money to buy your ticket. When you listen to the Sutras and understand, "Oh, there are so many doctrines!" then you can cultivate according to the method. Cultivating will enable you to arrive at your aim. We understand and practice at the same time. When we sit in Dhyana for several hours, we are cultivating; and by listening to the Sutras, we are increasing our understanding of the methods of cultivation.

There is not just one method of cultivating; there are 84,000. You should always listen to the Sutras. Since the Sutras were spoken by the Buddhas, you should learn what the Buddhas said. Don't remain totally ignorant and assume that you can just cultivate, saying, "The Buddha just cultivated. What Sutras did he read? He didn't read any Sutras, and he became a Buddha." You get arrogant and influenced by the teachings of externalists, and you say things like, "Everybody is a Buddha! Everybody's a Buddha!" until you lose sense of the meaning of the word-degrading it and yourself as well. You do this to the point that it will be very difficult for you ever to become a Buddha.

Don't be arrogant and think you are higher than Mount Sumeru and more profound than the four seas. If you aren't arrogant and if you study the Buddhadharma, listen to the Buddhadharma, and cultivate the Buddhadharma, then you can be said to have understanding and practice.

During the first Summer Session, I said to one of my disciples, "We are studying and meditating. At most Way-places cultivators meditate in the winter and study in the summer. In the winter, they exclusively sit in meditation. In the summer, they exclusively study."

This reminds me of myself. The "self" is very small; it's not very big. It's about the size of a mote of dust. But that little mote of dust is enough to keep me from being able to fly. Most dust motes can float through space, but mine can't. Anyway, when I was studying the teachings, I was studying the teachings of playing in the mountains. You shouldn't imitate me in this regard.

When the Dharma Master lectured, I listened to the Sutras. When the lecture was over, I ran off to the mountains to look at the trees, flowers, and water; I had a lot of fun. My fellow students watched me quite closely. I never said a word all day long, so nobody knew what I was up to. When the time came for the daily review, most of the students read from their notes. I just recited the whole thing from memory. I repeated everything the Dharma Master had said, not missing a word, not adding a word.

At that time there were thirty of us studying the teachings. Some of the students had studied for as long as ten years. I was in my first year-three months into my first year, in fact. They thought this was very strange. "How can you repeat the lecture word for word like that? How can you remember it so clearly?"

What do you think I said? I said, "I studied it before." To say nothing of studying it, I hadn't even seen the books before. I said I had studied it because I remembered it immediately when I heard it. So I figured that I must have studied it before somewhere.

They said, "Oh, you studied the teachings before."

"Right," I said. "I've been studying them for a long time."

When I studied the Buddhadharma, I was very naughty, but I did follow the rules. I wasn't like you who don't follow the rules and are very naughty. When the time comes, you can't answer questions.

I said I was playing in the mountains, but actually I wasn't playing in the mountains, I was in the "studying samadhi." I was up in the mountains, looking at the mountains, but my heart was not in the mountains, it was in the Buddhadharma. I was beside the water, but my heart was still studying the Buddhadharma, going over what the Dharma Master had said during the lecture, reviewing it very thoroughly. When the review came, I knew it very well.

You who study the Buddhadharma do it differently. You study it in American style-open book Buddhadharma, notebook Buddhadharma. It's not very useful. If you can't remember it without the book, it's of no use. When you study the Dharma, each evening you should review it and master what you were given during the day. That's the real way to study the Buddhadharma.

"I don't have time," you say.

It's just when you don't have time that you should study! If you have a lot of time, that doesn't count as studying the Buddhadharma. In your busiest hours you should pick up the Buddhadharma and remember it very clearly. You should also put it down. This doesn't mean that you forget it from month to month, year to year. To put it down means that you put it down into your Treasury of the Thus Come One. Then when the time comes, you have total access to it; it's endless for the taking and inexhaustible in its use. Then it counts.

Now we begin the chapter on "Rejoicing in Accord with Merit and Virtue."

"Accord" means to comply with the phenomena (specifics) and the noumena (principles), accord with the real and the provisional. "Rejoicing" means being happy with oneself and happy with others, and congratulating yourself and congratulating others. It also means rejoicing in the cause and rejoicing in the effect.

To accord with the phenomena means to comply with the marks. To accord with the noumena is to comply with the principle-substance of the Real Mark, the basic nature of the Dharma Realm. The Dharma Realm's basic nature does not go beyond the mind's present thought. The present thought of the mind includes both the Dharma Realm's nature and the Dharma Realm's substance. The present thought accords with the merit and virtue of the Dharma Realm. That is what is meant by rejoicing in accord with the merit and virtue of the Dharma Realm. That is no small amount of merit and virtue!

The Buddha's basic substance-the Dharma-body-is the noumenon. When the Buddha appears in the world in response and transformation bodies to teach and transform all living beings in the three periods of time and the ten directions, he is doing it on the phenomenal level. By means of the noumenon he accords with the phenomena; by means of the phenomena he accords with the noumenon. This is called the nonduality of phenomena and noumenon. The phenomena are not separate from the noumenon, and the noumenon is not separate from the phenomena. They appear to be two, but actually they are one. In fact, they are one, but they can be spoken of as two. This doctrine is the principle of the Middle Way.

To rejoice with the provisional and real means to be happy with the merit and virtue of both the Buddha's provisional teachings and the Buddha's real teachings.

Since one has planted this good cause in the past, one can now hear this wonderful Dharma. This is a cause for celebration. By means of this wonderful cause, you can, in the future, obtain the wonderful fruit of Bodhi.

Sutra:

At that time, Maitreya Bodhisattva Mahasattva spoke to the Buddha, saying, "World Honored One, if a good man or a good woman hears this Dharma Flower Sutra and rejoices in accord with it, how much blessedness will he or she attain?"

He then spoke this verse:

After the World Honored One's ultimate quiescence,

If one hears this Sutra,

And can accordingly rejoice,

How much blessedness will he gain?

Commentary:

At that time, when the previous chapter had been spoken, Maitreya Bodhisattva Mahasattva spoke to the Buddha, saying, "World Honored One, if a good man or a good woman hears this Dharma Flower Sutra and rejoices in accord with it, for a length of time or even for just one thought, how much blessedness will he or she attain?"

He then spoke this verse: After the World Honored One's ultimate quiescence, / If one hears this Sutra / And can accordingly rejoice, / How much blessedness will he gain?

Sutra:

The Buddha then told the Bodhisattva Mahasattva Maitreya, "Ajita! After the passing into Stillness of the Thus Come One, if a Bhikshu, Bhikshuni, Upasaka, Upasika, or any person with wisdom, whether young or old, having heard this Sutra and rejoiced accordingly, leaves the Dharma assembly and goes to another place, be it a Sangha dwelling or an uninhabited place, a city, a street, a town, or a village, and expounds it according to the best of his ability to his father, mother, relatives, good friends, and acquaintances, and if, having heard it, they then rejoice in accord with it and further transmit the teaching to others who, having heard it, rejoice in accord and likewise transmit it, and this process goes on reaching to fifty people-Ajita, I will now tell you about the merit and virtue of that fiftieth good man or good woman who rejoices in accord. Listen well!"

Commentary:

The Buddha then told the Bodhisattva Mahasattva Maitreya, "Ajita! After the passing into Stillness of the Thus Come One, if a Bhikshu, Bhikshuni, Upasaka, Upasika…"

"Bhikshu" is a Sanskrit term that, because it has the following three meanings, is not translated:

1. mendicant

2. destroyer of evil

3. frightener of Mara

The Bhikshus beg the Dharma from the Buddhas above; they beg for food from people below. They frighten the heavenly demons and externalists. They also destroy the evil of afflictions.

"Upasaka" means a man who draws near and serves the Triple Jewel. A Upasika is a woman in the same capacity. Or any person with wisdom. This refers to someone who is not a Bhikshu, Bhikshuni, Upasaka, or Upasika. Even though in this present life this person has not taken precepts, in former lives he planted good roots. Therefore, in his present life he has much wisdom and intelligence.

Such a person, whether young or old, having heard this Sutra, the Wonderful Dharma Flower Sutra, and rejoiced accordingly, having written it out, read or recited it, he may then share it with others.

In Hong Kong, there was a Dharma Master named Tan-syu who liked to get people to recite the Dharma Flower Sutra. He organized a group of people to recite the Sutra. They could recite it at home if they wanted to, or in the Way-place. When they were done, they would all meet and transfer the merit.

Now in the text it says that this person rejoices in accord with any kind of Dharma Flower Sutra assembly, be it one of reciting, reading, or writing it out. When the Dharma assembly is over, he leaves the Dharma assembly and goes to another place, be it a Sangha dwelling, a temple; or an uninhabited place, an Aranya; a city; a street; a town; or a village, and expounds it according to the best of his ability. He expounds the doctrines he has just studied in the Dharma assembly to his father, mother, relatives, good friends, and acquaintances and colleagues. And if, having heard it, they then rejoice in accord with it and further transmit the teaching to others who, having heard it, rejoice in accord and likewise transmit it, and this process goes on reaching to fifty people-Ajita, I will now tell you about the merit and virtue of that fiftieth good man or good woman who rejoices in accord. Listen well!" Pay attention!

One Dharma Master hears the Sutra, and shares it with another, and this process continues, reaching up to fifty people. Probably by the time it reaches the fiftieth person, a lot of it gets explained incorrectly. The fiftieth person to explain it won't do as well as the first. Although this may be the case, still, his merit and virtue is very great, as we are about to hear.

Sutra:

"Suppose in four million kotis of asamkhyeyas of worlds, among living beings in the six destinies and of the four kinds of birth (egg-born, womb-born, moisture-born, and transformation-born), those with form, those without form, those with thought, those without thought, those with neither thought nor nonthought, those without legs, those with two legs, those with four legs, those with many legs, and so forth, there is a person seeking blessings who gives to them whatever enjoyable things they desire, giving each being an entire Jambudvipa full of gold, silver, lapis lazuli, mother-of-pearl, carnelian, coral, and amber, rare and precious gems, as well as elephants, horses, carriages, palaces, and pavilions made of the seven treasures.

"This great almsgiver in this way bestows gifts for a full eighty years. Then he thinks, 'I have already given living beings these enjoyable things in accord with their desires. However, these living beings are old and worn out, over eighty years of age, with white hair and wrinkled faces. Their time of death is not far off. I should instruct and guide them with the Buddhadharma.'

"He then gathers the beings together and expounds the Dharma to them to instruct them, bringing to them benefit and delight so that they all at once gain the path of Srotaapanna, the path of Sakridagamin, the path of Anagamin, and the path of Arhatship, exhausting all outflows, obtaining comfort in all of the deep Dhyana concentrations, and perfecting the eight liberations."

Commentary:

The Buddha brings up an analogy to help show how vast the merit and virtue for giving the Dharma is. Suppose in four million kotis of asamkhyeyas of worlds, among living beings in the six destinies and of the four kinds of birth… The four kinds of birth are: (1) egg-born, (2) womb-born, (3) moisture-born, and (4) transformation-born.

1. Those born from eggs are born from thought.

2. Those born from wombs are born from emotion.

3. Those born from moisture are born from combination.

4. Those born from transformation are born from separation.

Beings are born from eggs because of thought. That doesn't mean they think this today and think that tomorrow. They think about one thing every day. They sit on their eggs continuously, thinking, "My little pigeons will soon hatch." If they concentrate their thinking to a single point, eventually the eggs will hatch. Chickens are the same. They think of their brood day after day until the little ones appear.

Those born from moisture are born from combination: Moistness combines with moistness, and there is birth. This category includes many varieties of maggots, bugs, worms, and so forth.

People can be born from any of those four. Some people are born from eggs! Some are from moisture or transformation. You shouldn't think that people are born only from wombs.

Asuras can also be born in any of these four ways. Ghosts also can be born from any of the four kinds of birth.

Those born from transformation are born from separation. They detest their old form and crave the new, and so they separate from their original form and turn into something else-like a caterpillar turning into a butterfly. They were bugs, but now they can fly. They also transform nothing into something else.

"Those with form" refers to those of the Desire and Form Realm Heaven. "Those without form" refers to those in the Four Formless Heavens.

Those with thought have no form. They have four of the Five Skandhas-feeling, thought, process, and consciousness-but lack the form skandha. "Those with thought" can also refer to those at the Station of Unlimited Emptiness and Unlimited Consciousness. Those without thought are those at the Station of Nothing Whatsoever. Those with neither thought nor nonthought are those in the Heaven of Neither Perception nor Nonperception.

"Without thought" also refers to those creatures whose spirit and energy have transformed into metal or stone.

"Neither thought nor nonthought" can also refer to the last two categories of beings-those not totally endowed with thought and those not totally lacking thought.

An example of the first category is the varata, which is a Sanskrit term for a kind of wasp. This wasp takes silkworms and transforms them into its own young. It puts the worms into its mud nest and for seven days recites a mantra, "Be like me, be like me." At the end of that period, the change takes place. They are called beings not totally endowed with thought, because the worms do not initially think they will turn into wasps.

An example of the other category is the dirt owl. This owl doesn't lay eggs; it just sits on a lump of dirt until a baby owl comes out. The baby owl then eats its mother. It's very unfilial, like children who rebel violently against their parents.

Those without legs are creatures like earthworms, which slither and burrow themselves into the ground. Those with two legs are creatures like people or gorillas, which live in the mountains and walk on two legs. There are also such creatures as those with four legs, those with many legs, and so forth.

Suppose among these living beings there is a person seeking blessings-a blessed reward-who gives to them whatever enjoyable things they desire, giving each being an entire Jambudvipa full of gold, silver, lapis lazuli, mother-of-pearl, carnelian, coral, and amber-all the seven treasures. He gives rare and precious gems, as well as elephants, horses, carriages, palaces, and pavilions made of the seven treasures. People ride in horse-drawn carts, but the gods ride in palaces that are more elaborate than our airplanes. Their palaces can fly and take them wherever they want to go.

This great almsgiver in this way bestows gifts for a full eighty years. Then he thinks, "I have already given living beings these enjoyable things in accord with their desires. However, these living beings are old and worn out, over eighty years of age, with white hair and wrinkled faces. Their time of death is not far off. What should I do? I should instruct and guide them with the Buddhadharma. I should lecture the Buddhadharma. I should teach and transform them."

He then gathers the beings together and expounds the Dharma to them to instruct them, bringing to them benefit and delight so that they all at once gain the path of Srotaapanna, the first fruit of Arhatship, that of 'entering the flow.' They enter the flow of the Dharma-nature of the sages and go against the flow of the six sense objects of the common people. They then gain the path of Sakridagamin, which means 'once returner,' and the path of Anagamin, which means 'never-returner.'They then gain the path of Arhatship, which means the path of 'no birth.'

In this way they are exhausting all outflows, obtaining comfort in all of the deep Dhyana concentrations, and perfecting the eight liberations.

Sutra:

"What do you think? Would the merit and virtue of this great almsgiver be great or not?"

Commentary:

The Buddha asks Maitreya, "What do you think? Would the merit and virtue of this great almsgiver be great or not? How much merit and virtue do you think he would gain?"

Sutra:

Maitreya said to the Buddha, "World Honored One, this person's merit and virtue would be extremely great, measureless, and unbounded. If the almsgiver had only given the beings all the playthings, his merit and virtue would be unlimited. How much the more so would it be if he enabled them to attain the fruit of Arhatship!"

Commentary:

Maitreya said to the Buddha, "World Honored One, this person's merit and virtue would be extremely great, measureless, and unbounded. If the almsgiver had only given the beings all the different kinds of playthings, his merit and virtue would be unlimited. How much the more so would it be if he enabled them to attain the fruit of Arhatship-the fourth fruit of Arhatship!"

Sutra:

The Buddha told Maitreya, "I will now tell you plainly: The merit and virtue obtained by this person, who gives playthings to living beings in the six paths in four million kotis of asamkhyeyas of worlds and who further causes them to obtain the fruit of Arhatship, does not equal the merit of the fiftieth person who hears but a single verse of the Dharma Flower Sutra and rejoices in accord with it. His merit does not equal a hundredth part, a thousandth part, a hundred thousand myriad millionth part, and so forth until it cannot be known by resort to calculation or analogy.

"Ajita! The merit and virtue of the fiftieth person who hears in his turn the Dharma Flower Sutra and who rejoices in accord with it is limitless, boundless, and uncountable. How much the more so is the merit and virtue of one who is among the first to hear it in the assembly and who rejoices in accord with it. That person's blessings are even more supreme, unlimited, unbounded, and uncountable beyond comparison."

Commentary:

The Buddha told Maitreya, "I will now tell you plainly: The merit and virtue obtained by this person, who gives playthings to living beings in the six paths in four million kotis of asamkhyeyas of worlds and who further causes them to obtain the fruit of Arhatship, does not equal the merit of the fiftieth person who hears but a single verse of the Dharma Flower Sutra and rejoices in accord with it. One person might speak Dharma and cause someone to become an Arhat. But that speaker's merit is not as great as that of the fiftieth listener in sequence who hears but a verse or so of the Dharma Flower Sutra. His merit does not equal a hundredth part, a thousandth part, a hundred thousand myriad millionth part, and so forth until it cannot be known by resort to calculation or analogy.

"Ajita! The merit and virtue of the fiftieth person who hears in his turn the Dharma Flower Sutra and who rejoices in accord with it is limitless, boundless, and uncountable. How much the more so is the merit and virtue of one who is among the first to hear it in the assembly and who rejoices in accord with it. That person's blessings are even more supreme, unlimited, unbounded, and uncountable beyond comparison. There is no way to reckon his merit by means of calculation or to express it by means of analogy."

Sutra:

"Further, Ajita, if a person for the sake of this Sutra goes to a Sangha dwelling and, whether sitting or standing, hears and accepts it for but an instant, by reason of that merit and virtue, in his next rebirth he will acquire the finest elephant and horse carriages and jeweled palanquins, and will even ride in heavenly palaces.

Commentary:

"Further, Ajita, if a person for the sake of this Sutra goes to a Sangha dwelling and, whether sitting or standing, hears and accepts it for but an instant, by reason of that merit and virtue, in his next rebirth he will acquire the finest elephant and horse carriages, which common folk ride in, and jeweled palanquins, which the emperor rides in and the empress rides in, and will even ride in heavenly palaces, the vehicles of the gods.

Sutra:

"Again, if a person is seated in a place where the Dharma is being lectured, and when another person comes along, he encourages that person to sit and listen to it or shares his seat with him, the former person will, through his merit and virtue, in his next rebirth gain the seat of Shakra, the seat of a Brahma King, or the seat of a wheel-turning sage king.

Commentary:

"Again, if a person is seated in a place where the Dharma, the Dharma Flower Sutra, is being lectured, and when another person comes along, he encourages that person to sit and listen to it, his merit will be great. He says, "Sit down and listen!" or shares his seat with him. If there is no room, he moves over and lets that person sit with him. The former person will, through his merit and virtue, in his next rebirth gain the seat of Shakra, the Lord of the Heaven of the Thirty-three.

When you are listening to the Sutras, if people show up at the Way-place and they aren't crazy or criminal, you should invite them to sit down. Find a seat for them. If there are no seats, you can offer half your seat to them. Then in your next life, you can be the Lord of the Heaven of the Thirty-three.

If you are bowing to the Buddhas and someone new comes along, you can encourage that person to bow to the Buddhas. If there are no bowing cushions left, give yours to the person. If you don't, the person will think, "They are really selfish. They just watch over themselves. These people are not very hospitable," and that person will leave.

Someone should watch over and care for the new people when they come to the lectures or other activities. You have no way of knowing who the new people are. They might be Arhats or Bodhisattvas; you can never know for certain. If you take good care of them, then you will have merit and virtue. Even if they are just ordinary people, not Arhats or Bodhisattvas, you should still take good care of them.

He may gain the seat of a Brahma King or the seat of a wheel-turning sage king. One gains such great merit and virtue simply by encouraging others to listen to the Sutras or by offering them a place to sit.

Sutra:

"Ajita! If, further, a person says to another, 'There is a Sutra by the name of Dharma Flower. Let's go together and listen to it,' and taking that person's advice, the second person goes and hears it for but a moment, the former person's merit and virtue will be such that in his next life he will be born in the same place as the Dharani Bodhisattva. He will have keen faculties and wisdom.

"For one hundred thousand myriad lifetimes he will never be mute, his breath will not stink, his tongue will always be free from disease, and his mouth will also be free from disease.His teeth will not be dirty, black, yellow, or wide-spaced, not missing or falling out, not uneven or crooked. His lips will not be pendulous, twisted or pursed, rough, chapped, or covered with sores, or split. They will not be askew, thick or large, or black, and there will be nothing repulsive about them. His nose will not be thin, crooked, or out of joint. His complexion will not be dark, thin, concave, or crooked, or in any way disagreeable.

"His lips, tongue, and teeth will all be handsome; his nose long, high, and straight. His face will be round and full, his eyebrows high and long, his forehead broad and even, his mark of manhood perfect.

"In life after life, wherever he is born he will see the Buddhas, hear the Dharma, and believe and accept the teachings."

Commentary:

"Ajita! If, further, a person says to another, 'There is a Sutra by the name of Dharma Flower. At such and such a Way-place, they are lecturing on the Sutra and having a Chan Session. Let's go to a lecture,' then the person who says this will gain many blessings."

In the previous passage, the person came to listen on his own. All you did was offer him a seat. By doing this you get to "sit in the seat" of Shakra, Brahma, or a wheel-turning sage king. Sitting in the seat must mean that you get to be Shakra, and so forth. In any case, you gain great merit and virtue.

Now, in this passage, these people don't come on their own; you encourage them to come: "Let's go together and listen to it." And if taking that person's advice, the second person goes and hears it for but a moment, the former person's merit and virtue will be such that in his next life he will be born in the same place as the Dharani Bodhisattva. He will experience the same state as the "Maintaining and Upholding" Bodhisattva experiences. He will have keen faculties and wisdom.

For one hundred thousand myriad lifetimes he will never be mute or gravelly-voiced. People who cultivate have very resonant voices, like copper bells. People without good roots sound as if they have a mouth full of tongues, and what they say is garbled. It is as if their tongues weighed several tons. It's hard to understand what they are saying.

His breath will not stink. Some people have bad breath, and nothing they do can cover it up. People who don't keep the precepts smell bad. They stink up an entire room!

His tongue will always be free from disease. You shouldn't talk casually. If you do, your tongue might be short or get some illness and hurt all the time.

And his mouth will also be free from disease. Sometimes people's mouths hurt, bleed, or get sores. Why? Because they didn't encourage people to listen to the Dharma Flower Sutra, or because they talked confusedly and scolded people.

His teeth will not be dirty. Some people, especially those who smoke opium, have black teeth. Some people have black teeth naturally, because they never encouraged people to listen to the Dharma Flower Sutra. You can tell by people's appearance what kind of virtue they have. If there are a lot of problems with their appearance, it's because they never encouraged people to listen to the Dharma Flower Sutra. However, if they do, their teeth will not be black, yellow, or wide-spaced. Their teeth won't look like kernels of corn. They will not be missing or falling out, not uneven or crooked.

His lips will not be pendulous. When the upper lip covers the lower lip, that's called "heaven covers earth." It's an indication of a lack of virtue. If the lower lip covers the upper lip, that's called "earth covers heaven." It's really ugly. His lips will not be twisted or pursed, so that his teeth always stick out. When such a person closes his mouth, his lips don't come together. There are all kinds of people in the world.

His lips will also not be rough, chapped, or covered with sores. Some people have all kinds of sores on their mouths. It hurts when they eat. If they don't eat, they are hungry. Nor will his lips be split. Instead of two lips, some people have four, or six, or eight, as if cut with a knife. "They will not be askew" means everything is in the right place. For example, their eyes aren't where their nose is supposed to be, and so forth. His lips will not be thick or large, or black. This means his lips will be the right size. Some people have lips as thick as car tires. And there will be nothing repulsive about them. This person will have human lips, not pig lips, dog lips, or monkey lips.

His nose will not be thin, crooked, or out of joint. It will be well-proportioned.

His complexion will not be dark or sallow, thin, emaciated or puckered up, concave, or crooked or in any way disagreeable. In short, he will have a very pleasing visage with proper and full features.

His lips, tongue, and teeth will all be handsome. He will have an attractive and upright appearance. "His nose long" means that he has a lot of blessings. It will be high and straight. His face will be round and full, his eyebrows high and long, the marks of blessings. His forehead broad and even is another good sign. People with high, full foreheads are very intelligent. His mark of manhood will be perfect.

In life after life, wherever he is born he will see the Buddhas, hear the Dharma, and believe and accept the teachings. He will believe in the holy teachings.

Sutra:

"Ajita, look at this: If the merit and virtue gained from exhorting a single person to go listen to the Dharma is such as this, how much greater is that of one who single-mindedly listens to the teachings, reads and recites them, and in the great assembly explains them in detail to others, and cultivates accordingly."

Commentary:

"Ajita, look at this: If the merit and virtue gained from exhorting a single person to go listen to the Dharma is such as this, how much greater is that of one who single-mindedly listens to the teachings, reads and recites them, and in the great assembly explains them in detail to others, and cultivates accordingly." That merit would be great indeed!

Sutra:

At that time the World Honored One, wishing to restate this meaning, spoke verses, saying,

Suppose a person in the Dharma assembly

Gets to hear this Sutra,

Even just a single verse,

And rejoices in accord, and speaks it to others,

And thus the teaching is passed on

Until it reaches the fiftieth hearer.

The blessings gained by this last person

I will now set forth in detail.

Suppose there is a great almsgiver

Who presents gifts to uncountable multitudes,

Of all the things they desire,

For a full eighty years.

Seeing them old and worn,

With white hair and wrinkled faces,

Their teeth sparse, their bodies withered,

He thinks, "They will die before long.

I should now instruct them,

That they may obtain the Fruit of the Path."

Then he expediently explains to them

The true Dharma of Nirvana:

"The world is not a secure place.

It's like foam, water bubbles, or a will-o'-the-wisp.

All of you should quickly

Produce thoughts of revulsion for it."

The people, on hearing the Dharma,

All attain Arhatship,

Perfect the Six Spiritual Penetrations,

The Three Clarities, and the Eight Liberations.

The last, fiftieth, person,

Who has heard a single verse and rejoiced in accord with it,

Gains blessedness which exceeds that of the former,

Beyond the power of analogy to express.

If the blessedness of the one who hears it in turn

Is so unlimited,

How much greater is that of he who, in the assembly,

Was the first to hear it and rejoice.

Commentary:

At that time the World Honored One, wishing to restate this meaning, spoke verses, saying, Suppose a person in the Dharma assembly / Gets to hear this Sutra; he will gain much merit. You don't have to hear the whole Sutra, just a single verse, or two, or three. He hears even just a single verse, / And rejoices in accord and speaks it to others. He explains the Wonderful Dharma and thus the teaching is passed on from the first person to the second and continues on until it reaches the fiftieth hearer. / The blessings gained by this last person, / I will now set forth in detail. I will tell you about the merit and virtue gained by that last person. Naturally, the first, second, third, on to the forty-ninth person would have more merit than the fiftieth one.

Suppose there is a great almsgiver / Who presents gifts to uncountable multitudes, / Of all the things they desire.He gives gold, silver, lapis lazuli [sapphire of the ancients], carnelian [ammon stone], red pearls [rubies], mother-of-pearl, elephants, horses, carriages, palanquins, palaces, buildings, and all kinds of things. He gives these things to all kinds of living beings-those egg-born, womb-born, moisture-born, transformation-born; those with form; those without form; those with thought; those without thought; and those with neither thought nor nonthought. He gives them the things they like for a full eighty years.Whatever they like, that's what he gives them. If they like gold, he gives them gold; if they like silver, he gives them silver. If they want horses, elephants, and carriages, he gives those to them, just as they wish.

Having given so many things to so many people for such a long time, he must certainly accumulate a lot of merit and virtue.

Seeing them old and worn. This means that the donor, having given all living beings the things they want for eighty years, then notices that they have gotten old. There they are with white hair and wrinkled faces, / Their teeth sparse, their bodies withered. / He thinks, "They will die before long. / I should now instruct them. I should teach them a method for transcending the world, a method for cultivating, so that they may obtain the Fruit of the Path-Arhatship or Pratyekabuddhahood."

Then he expediently explains to them / The true Dharma of Nirvana: / "The world is not a secure place. It's all empty, false, and unreal. It's like foam, water bubbles, or a will-o'-the-wisp. It appears real, but on closer inspection, it's not. All of you should quickly / Produce thoughts of revulsion for it."You should grow sick and disgusted with the world.

The people, on hearing the Dharma, / All attain Arhatship. They cultivate and reach Arhatship, and perfect the Six Spiritual Penetrations-the Heavenly Eye, the Heavenly Ear, the Knowledge of Past Lives, the Knowledge of Others' Thoughts, the Extinction of Outflows, and the Penetration of the Complete Spirit. They also gain the Three Clarities and the Eight Liberations. The Three Clarities are: the Heavenly Eye, the Knowledge of Past Lives, and the Extinction of Outflows.

The Eight Liberations are:

1. The liberation in which inwardly there is the mark of form, and outwardly form is contemplated

2. The liberation in which there is no mark of form, and outwardly form is contemplated

3. The liberation in which the pure body of wisdom certifies to the complete dwelling

4. The liberation of the station of boundless emptiness

5. The liberation of the station of boundless consciousness

6. The liberation of the station of nothing whatsoever

7. The liberation of the station of neither perception nor nonperception

8. The liberation of the samadhi of the extinction of the skandhas of feeling and thought

The last, fiftieth, person, / Who has heard a single verse and rejoiced in accord with it, / Gains blessedness which exceeds that of the former, / Beyond the power of analogy to express. The one who hears and rejoices in a single verse has more merit and blessings than the almsgiver by an incalculable amount.

If the blessedness of the one who hears it in turn-that is, the fiftieth person to hear the Sutra-is so unlimited, / How much greater is that of he who, in the assembly, / Was the first to hear it and rejoice. His merit is even greater yet!

Sutra:

Suppose a person exhorts another

And leads him to listen to the Dharma Flower,

Saying, "This Sutra is profound and wonderful,

Hard to encounter in a thousand myriad eons,"

And suppose that person, persuaded, goes to listen,

And hears it for even just a moment.

Of the reward of blessings of the first person,

I will now speak in detail.

Life after life, his mouth will have no illness.

His teeth will not be wide-spaced, yellow, or black.

His lips will not be thick, pursed, or split,

Nor will he have any repulsive marks.

His tongue will not be dry, black, or short.

His nose will be prominent, long, and straight.

His forehead will be broad and even,

His visage upright and splendid,

So that all will rejoice upon seeing him.

His breath will never stink,

But the fragrance of the utpala flower

Will always issue from his mouth.

Commentary:

Suppose a person exhorts another / And leads him to listen to the Dharma Flower, / Saying, "This Sutra is profound and wonderful, / Hard to encounter in a thousand myriad eons." He will attain great merit. He says, "In millions of great eons, it's not easy to encounter the Dharma Flower Sutra or to meet with a person who lectures on the Dharma Flower Sutra."

And suppose that person, persuaded, goes to listen, / And hears it for even just a moment. / Of the reward of blessings of the first person, / I will now speak in detail.

Life after life, his mouth will have no illness. The person who exhorts another to listen to the Sutra will never have problems with his mouth.

His teeth will not be wide-spaced, yellow, or black. Sometimes people have dirty teeth no matter how they try to clean them. That's because in past lives they never heard the Dharma Flower Sutra. If you have good roots, you don't need to have your teeth cleaned. They just stay clean, and they are really beautiful.

The Buddha has forty teeth. Some Bodhisattvas also have forty teeth. In China, National Master Ching-Lyang ("Clear and Cool"), the fourth Patriarch of the Avatamsaka School, also called Cheng-Gwan, had forty teeth. His hands also reached below his knees. After this, pay attention. If you see anyone whose hands reach below his knees, that is very honorable. He could be an emperor. Forty teeth is also a mark of nobility.

National Master Ching-Lyang also had double pupils, and his eyes emitted light at night. He was Avatamsaka Bodhisattva's transformation body. After he completed the stillness, someone saw two youths in dark colored robes flying through space. He asked them where they were going. They said they were going to China to get two of Avatamsaka Bodhisattva's teeth so they could make offerings to them. When the man returned and reported the news to the emperor, the emperor ordered National Master Ching-Lyang's grave to be opened up. There they found that two of his teeth were missing. The two youths had taken the teeth back to Manjushri's temple in India to make offerings to them there.

His lips will not be thick, pursed, or split. Heaven won't cover earth, and earth won't cover heaven. The lips won't be all puckered up, either. Nor will he have any repulsive marks. / His tongue will not be dry, black, or short. / His nose will be prominent, long, and straight-a noble sign. His forehead will be broad and even-flat and smooth-with no "mountains, oceans, or rivers." A prominent and broad forehead indicates great intelligence.

His visage upright and splendid, / So that all will rejoice upon seeing him. They see him a hundred times and still don't get tired of looking at him. The more they see him, the more they want to look at him.

His breath will never stink, / But the fragrance of the utpala flower / Will always issue from his mouth. His breath will always be fresh and sweet, like the scent of the blue lotus flower.

Sutra:

If he goes to a Sangha dwelling

Wishing to hear the Dharma Flower Sutra

And, hearing it for but a moment, then rejoices,

I will now tell of his blessings.

He shall later be born among gods and humans,

Acquire fine elephant and horse carriages and

Precious, jeweled palanquins

And will even ride in heavenly palaces.

Commentary:

If he goes to a Sangha dwelling / Wishing to hear the Dharma Flower Sutra / And, hearing it for but a moment, then rejoices and is extremely happy, I will now tell of his blessings.

He shall later be born among gods and humans.In future lives he may be born in the heavens or among people. He shall acquire fine elephant and horse carriages and / Precious, jeweled palanquins made of the seven treasures and will even ride in heavenly palaces.

Sutra:

If, in a place where the Sutra is lectured,

He encourages another to sit down and listen,

By virtue of his blessings, he will gain

The seat of Shakra, Brahma, or a wheel-turning king.

Commentary:

If, in a place where the Sutra is lectured, / He encourages another to sit down and listen, / By virtue of his blessings, he will gain / The seat of Shakra, Brahma, or a wheel-turning king. This kind of blessedness will create such a reward for him.

Sutra:

How much greater will the blessings be of one who single-mindedly listens

And explains the Sutra's meaning,

Cultivating it as he preaches-

His blessings shall know no limit.

Commentary:

How much greater will the blessings be of one who single-mindedly listens. If one obtains such great blessedness by simply encouraging others to listen to the Sutra, how much greater are the blessings accruing to one who listens to the whole Sutra with a single mind, and explains the Sutra's meaning, / Cultivating it as he preaches. Such a person expounds on the Dharma Flower Sutra and also cultivates according to its principles. His blessings shall know no limit.There is no end to the blessings gained by such a person. They are limitless and boundless.

END OF CHAPTER EIGHTEEN